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1.0 INTRODUCTION In discussing the foreign policies of Africa and the developing countries, it is not possible to discuss the foreign policies of each individual African country or developing country, rather we see their foreign policies articulated in various multilateral bodies and their activities like the Non-aligned Movement, Economic Community of West African States, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the African Union. In this unit, our interest is to examine the bearings of this conceptualization of foreign policy collectively with a few country examples. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  Discuss the ramifications of foreign policy;   Discuss foreign policy in the context of multilateralism;  Discuss the developing world in relation to military expenditures;  Discuss foreign policy of African countries in relation to ideology.  3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Background to the Foreign Policies Dur...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Notwithstanding the extra-ordinary advantages of joint problem-solving, many negotiators lack training in the skills necessary for its most effective use. This in part, is because in many cultures only negative values are placed on “conflict” and the skills required to confront and manage it effectively are not sufficiently valued to be taught at home or in schools. The skills needed for effective joint problem-solving negotiations revolve around the need to communicate acceptance to other parties so that they are encouraged to continue the flow of information, rather than to communicate rejection which makes others defensive and closes down the information exchange. We will thus examine the issue of negotiating skills in this unit. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  Identify and outline the skills necessary for effective problem solving;  Discuss the necessity for proper preparation before negotiations;...

1.0 INTRODUCTION War and peace have come to dominate the experience of man in the  world in which we live today. Man pours so much time and resources into defence, and the procurement of arms for the destruction of man and his environment. The world has never been able to record any decade in history, which has been war-free. It must thus be mentioned that even after the establishment of International Organizations such as the United Nations, the African Union (A.U), etc., the conflicts or crises spots have continued to increase on the world map. Nations have gone to war to increase their wealth or power, but whatever the inclination or policy, their ultimate manifestation is the conditions of war, its hazards and hostilities that are created by man against man. In this unit, we focuson the issues concerning peacekeeping and the resultant effects. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  Discuss war and strife in Africa;  Discuss issues c...

1.0 INTRODUCTION The concept of a 'national interest' that guides all policy choices, domestic and foreign, may be an appealing ideal, but in practical terms national interest can be identified only in specific situational contexts. Some general definitions have been attempted such as Robert Osgood's “state of affairs valued solely for its benefit to the nation", or Hans Morgenthau's "political traditions and the total culture context within which a nation formulates its foreign policy". However, suffice it to observe that National Interest is a highly subjective concept. In this unit, we will examine the nature of this concept in relation to foreign policy. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  Explain the nature and meaning of foreign policy;   Discuss National Interest in the context of foreign policy.  3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 The Meaning of National Interest In his work, “The Restoration of American Politics", Morgenthau us...

1.0 INTRODUCTION In this unit, we shall discuss the concept of foreign policy. Foreign policy is one of the most important areas of the study of international relations. It is an important key to the rational explanation of how states behave in the international arena. It is not possible to understand inter- state relations without understanding the foreign policy of any given state. What then is foreign policy? 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  Define what foreign policy is;  Explain the meaning of policy;  Discuss the nature and processes of foreign policy;   Discuss foreign policy in relation to National Interest;  Highlight Dr. Condoleezza Rice Discusses Foreign Policy. 3.0MAIN CONTENT 3.1Foreign Policy: The Question of Definition Foreign policy, a scholar has argued, “is a coordinated strategy with which institutionally designated decision-makers seek to manipulate the international environment” in order to achieve certain...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Peacemaking missions of the United Nations have changed substantially since their inception in the 1940s. Early “first generation” peacekeeping missions were aimed to terminate armed conflict. Military observers would be placed between opposing armies, with consent, pending political settlement of their dispute. Peacekeeping missions monitored truces and cease-fire and provided buffer zones while political negotiations were pursued. So-called “second generation” peacekeeping missions which date back to the late 1980s, are far larger in scope, addressing underlying causes of conflict and aiming for permanent peace. To traditional military assignments and monitoring elections, overseeing the reform of the judiciary, creating new police forces, providing humanitarian relief, repatriating refugees, reestablishing agriculture and public infrastructure, and promoting free press and independent radio stations. This shift in UN peacekeeping has many ramific...