RESEARCH BACK UP

1.0 INTRODUCTION As human society grew from the dark ages to modernity, there arose the need to communicate not only with people in the same environment but also those scattered in various parts of the world. A good example of the need arose and during the First World War when there was a high need for communication among combatants and their command bases. This led to the invention of the wireless communication, (Idebi 2008, p.1). 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  present an overview of the growth of radio in Nigeria  discuss ownership and control of radio   describe networking on radio. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Definition of Radio Radio involves the process by which messages are sent through electrical waves. In other words, sound could be sent and received through these waves, (Sambe, 2008:75). Further, according to Idebi (2008:1) the word Radio is defined as the process of sending and receiving messages through the air, using electr...

1.0 INTRODUCTION In radio broadcast the term Programme stands for the various and properly organised sounds that the listener gets from the station through the air. The radio is generally referred to as the “blind medium” principally because the sound that emerges from this medium are consumed through the ear and not the eye as is opposed to the television, the newspaper and the magazine. In an effort to communicate with the audience members the medium relies heavily on the use of imagery to deliver its message. The listener simply visualises as soon as he hears the message. Since the medium is meant for the ear only, words and phrases are used in such a manner that they aid in the visualisation of meanings. The terms used have to be precise, concise, cogent and concrete. They should be everyday expressions that the listener is quite familiar with. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: define Formats and Terminology  define On–Air Recording   de...

1.0 INTRODUCTION  It is not possible to pinpoint the beginning of advertising, however, several examples date back several years ago: clay tables had been found in ancient Babylon with messages. The town crier had been in existence in England during the medieval period. In recent times, the history of advertising is entwined with changing social conditions and advances in media technology (Dominick, 2002:369). Advertising came to limelight with the advent of industrial revolution. The period witnessed improvement in economy and communication and aided advertising to thrive. The 1920s marked the beginning of radio as an advertising medium. Network broadcasting made radio an attractive vehicle for national advertisers. Then came the 1960s with the growth of television which had more impacts or input into the way advertising was presented. Finally during the 1990s, a new advertising and marketing medium, the Internet, arrived on the scene and saw remarkable growth. Now, advertising ha...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Radio and television production involves many persons. It is, therefore, a team work or activity. The success of each production depends upon harmonious working relationship among the production crew. The crew is made up of the producer, director, set designer, lighting technician, camera persons, floor manager, performers, technical director and sound recordist. A producer as one of the production crew has his role. He acts as the boss of a production project. According to Warritay (1986:84) his main task is to provide funds for production, or he may represent the financiers. If a producer works in a broadcast station or a production company, he may combine the roles of a producer and director.  In radio production not all the crew members would be of use to the production, for example, the camera person would not be necessary because pictures are not needed in radio production. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  explain TV produc...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Television is about visual and sound. So writing for this medium involves the words and pictures. In writing the sound normally accompanies the images that appear on the screen. The writer should as such take note that pictures alone would not make meaning to the audience. When writing, the scriptwriter always indicates if there is need for a close up shot. This will give the identity of the subject in question. Words normally play a complimentary role in pictures whether in documentary, news, and drama or even in interview programmes. It is a role that all figures above ten (10) must not be written in figures, but in words. The reason is that the announcer does not have enough time in trying to make sure that the accurate figure indicated in the script are announced to the public. For example, it would be difficult to read the following figures smoothly while on air. N2,797,840.15. But when written in words – Two million, seven hundred and ninety seven thousand, eigh...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Announcing is principally about speech and its presentation. It is a form of communication which deals with vocal qualities of speaking in order to pronounce words and generate meaning that can be shared commonly between the presenter and the audience. The announcer is the source while the audience is the receiver. It means that there must be a commonality of words between those involved in the communication service. It is the comprehension of the used words that determines the effectiveness of the communication. (Owuamalam 2007:146). Communication becomes effective only when the receiver understands what the sender is saying by responding in a specific manner. This is a clear indication that both the speaker and the receiver share the same frame of reference. It is the desire to share the same frame of reference with the station’s audience that makes announcing important in broadcasting. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  explain what...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Programming on a broadcast station tends to be the time and duration of programmes the station presents them to the intended audience. The station should know when the station’s audience for whom the programme is meant would be at the time of presentation. For example, if it is an educational programme meant for pupils of school age, the station should know when to present such a programme that will benefit such an audience. If it is aired by 10.00am during week days, the intended audience would be at school and as such it would not be advisable to present the programme at that hour. And if a programme is meant for adults who are workers then it will be of no use to present the programme at let’s say 3.30 pm as they would be preparing to leave office. It would be better to present the programme when the audience members would be at home. A good example of proper programming is when the NTA used to present a popular local programme the “Village Headmaster”. This program...

1.0 INTRODUCTION It is generally noted that if there is no event, there will be no news and as such there will be no history. This is a clear indication that news is usually associated with events. According to Ngwokor (2008, P.16) everyday, millions of events occur, and are gathered and sent in by correspondents from different locations and any news story that is sent to the station or at least any news story that is broadcast must have some qualities that make it to be broadcast for the consumption of the audience. Some of the qualities include timeliness, nearness or proximity, prominence, consequence, oddity, human interest and disaster. The stories are gathered by correspondents and reported to the audience who consume from the broadcast station as second or reported news items. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: define News Production/Presentation and Voice Production in broadcasting   explain News Values in broadcasting  explain News Rep...

1.0 INTRODUCTION     The term programme in radio production refers to the various meaningful sounds produced by human beings or recorded sounds used to fill the airtime to be heard but not seen. That is why radio is called the “blind medium”. Since radio is meant for the ear, one should use words and phrases that would bring out meanings clearly by being precise in the use of language. The various types of radio programmes are referred to as programme format. They include documentaries, features, magazines, discussions and news programmes (Idebi,2008:9). 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: define Programme and Programme Appreciation   explain the terms Documentary and Features  explain programme functions and distinguish News from other programmes. 4.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Definition of Programme Someone begins by thinking of an event, occurrence or an idea which has influenced his or her opinion or belief about real life situation. He or ...