RESEARCH BACK UP

1.0 INTRODUCTION Directing is concerned with channeling human efforts towards the achievement of organisational goal. The success of these directional efforts is going to determine the satisfactory or unsatisfactory performance within the organisation. Accordingly, the directing function is the action function that tests the managerial capability in running the organisation. The satisfactory performance of workers is going to be partly dependent upon the “directional” ability of management, but primarily it is a function of the organisational environment. If the environment is not conducive to optimum performance, the managerial directing in itself cannot bring in the optimum results. Accordingly, favourable conditions must exist which will provide for enthusiastic cooperation among all people to work together to achieve both individual and group goals. Since the purpose of directing is to make effective use of employees, it is usually initiated by the higher echelons of management....

1.0 INTRODUCTION Communication is considered to be the most important and most effective aspect of the management process. Interpersonal communication is fundamental to all managerial activities. All other functions involve some form of directions and feedback. Effective management is a function of effective communication. Many operations have failed because of poor communication, misunderstood messages and unclear instructions. Even in life - in general, communication plays a very important role among friends, within the family and in all social circles. “Failure to communicate” is many times the cause of lost friendships, divorces and disaffection between parents and children. “My father does not understand me” - is the common cry of a teenager. Accordingly, communication plays an important role in every area of human life. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to:  define communication   state the objectives of communication   expl...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Every organisation is made up of human and physical resources. These resources are brought together in order to accomplish a predetermined goal. In order to accomplish these objectives, tasks must be identified, the tools and technology required must be provided and a structure of relationships must be identified. It is the function of the management to determine the best structure that will optimise the utilisation of resources. Management organises these resources. The organisation is a means of achieving the best result from concerted effort. Organisation deals with people and their relationship in an enterprise. It is the organisation that determines the types of people required and their relationships. Thus, the type of personnel and structure required in a hospital is different from the personnel and structure required in a weaving enterprise or a university. In this unit, efforts will be made to take you through this topic with the sole aim of giving y...

1.0 INTRODUCTION In the previous units you learnt about employee recruitment and selection. This unit will deal with employee training and development. Employee training and development are at the heart of employee utilisation, productivity, commitment, motivation and growth. Many employees have failed in organisations because their need for training was not identified and provided for as an indispensable part of management function. In this unit a distinction is made between training and development. Training is an organisational effort aimed at helping an employee to acquire basic skills required for the efficient execution of his/her duties, responsibilities/job schedule. Development deals with the activities undertaken to expose an employee to perform additional duties and assume positions of importance in the organisational hierarchy. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: discuss employee training and development   highlight the importance of qual...

1.0 INTRODUCTION In business, there are absolutely no right or wrong decisions but intelligent choices. What one considers a right decision in a particular time frame may turn out to be an unintelligent decision if the circumstances change. This is particularly true in developing countries where most of the variables required for intelligent decision are lacking. In some industries, the total production is unknown, the consumption pattern is not clear, the total population is a guess work, supply of raw materials is influenced by political consideration and the lead time for the supply of raw material is most unpredictable. An entrepreneur may decide to import large quantities of raw material because it is under license. The restriction can be lifted within a month after the importation, purely on political grounds without giving consideration to its consequences on the successful operation of the businessmen in the industry. Decision-making is one of the most crucial activities ...